by Blake Hassan, JD, CPA, and John McGill, JD, CPA, MBA
As many doctors are well aware, there have been rumblings from the White House and Congress for a number of years about subjecting S corporation profits to self-employment taxes (SE Tax) as a way to raise revenues. So far this has not happened, and operating as an S corporation still affords the opportunity to save taxes versus operating as a C corporation, sole proprietorship, general partnership, or limited liability company (LLC).
By way of review, a C corporation is a taxable entity and any remaining profits at year end are taxed at a flat 35% rate in personal service corporations. As a result, C corporations will generally zero out their profits before year-end, by paying out bonuses or other compensation to the shareholders. This zeroing out eliminates any tax payable by the corporation, but the bonuses paid are subject to payroll taxes.
In contrast, an S corporation is a pass-through entity and does not pay income taxes. It still prepares an income tax return; however, its profits and losses are reported to the shareholders via Schedule K-1, and the income/losses are reported by the shareholders on their personal tax returns. Any resulting taxes are then paid by the shareholders in connection with their personal tax returns. The shareholders are required to pay themselves reasonable compensation (which is subject to payroll taxes) for the services they provide; however, any corporate profit over and above such reasonable compensation may be paid out as dividends (which are not subject to payroll taxes).
In noncorporate forms (e.g., sole proprietorships, general partnerships, and LLCs), all profits are subject to SE Tax, and in computing the profits subject to SE tax, there is no deduction for health insurance premiums or retirement plan contributions for the owners. In contrast, those items are not subject to payroll taxes in corporations, except for voluntary deferrals by a shareholder-employee into a retirement plan.
For 2013, the SE/payroll tax is computed as 15.3% up to $113,700 of SE income or wages, plus 2.9% of SE income or wages over $113,700, plus .9% of SE income or wages over $250,000 (on a married filing joint return). This latter .9% is a result of the new Medicare surtax added by the Affordable Care Act (sometimes referred to as Obamacare).
The following shows a comparison of the payroll taxes generated under an S corporation versus an LLC, assuming $400,000 of income. Note that the amount of income tax payable in either case will be the same; however, there is a difference between the SE Tax paid with the LLC versus the payroll tax paid with the S corporation. Both examples ignore the effect of the income tax deduction allowed for half of the SE Tax or the payroll tax.
LLC – Total income = $400,000 (including owner's retirement plan contribution of $49,000 and health insurance premiums of $12,000).
